GNU bug report logs - #5131
Subject: 23.1; interaction of transpose-regions with markers and multibyte chars

Previous Next

To add a comment to this bug, you must first unarchive it, by sending
a message to control AT debbugs.gnu.org, with unarchive 5131 in the body.
You can then email your comments to 5131 AT debbugs.gnu.org in the normal way.

Toggle the display of automated, internal messages from the tracker.

Message #5 received at submit <at> emacsbugs.donarmstrong.com (full text, mbox):

From: schochet <at> post.tau.ac.il
To: bug-gnu-emacs <at> gnu.org
Subject: Subject: 23.1; interaction of transpose-regions with markers and
	multibyte chars
Date: Sun, 06 Dec 2009 04:22:06 +0200

From: schochet <at> post.tau.ac.il
To: bug-gnu-emacs <at> gnu.org
Subject: 23.1; interaction of transpose-regions with markers and  
multibyte chars
--text follows this line--

Repeated use of the function transpose-regions on regions defined by
markers sometimes yields unexpected results when those regions contain
multibyte characters. In some cases the text obtained after running
transpose-regions even includes characters that were not present before.

The function reverse-all given below is designed to reverse the order
of the characters in a specified region. However, I obtain the following
results:

input region: abcd    output region: dcba               as expected
input region: ÷bcd    output region: d÷bc               expected: dcb÷
input region: ÷ab"äé  output region has CJK ideograph   expected: éä"ba÷

To reproduce this bug, simply copy to a file the text below,
beginning with the line starting with a semicolon,
visit it in emacs, and evaluate the indicated lisp expressions
by entering \C-j at the end of the indicated lines.
Note that the lisp expressions set markers to specific locations,
so the file should begin precisely where indicated.
The first character after the space after the word "case1:" should be at
position 64 in the file. If for some reason it
is not, the values given to the variable start should be adjusted.

The file below also contains an alternative function reverse-all2,
which differs from reverse-all only in using variables instead of markers.
The function reverse-all2 yields the expected results in all the above cases.

This bug does not depend on my .emacs file, since I have reproduced it with
a blank .emacs file.

Please let me know if you need any more information.

Steve Schochet

;-*- mode: lisp-interaction; coding: utf-8-unix -*-

; case 1: abcd      was: abcd
; case 2: ÷bcd      was: ÷bcd
; case 3: ÷ab"äé    was: ÷ab"äé

(progn (defvar start nil) (defvar len nil)) ;do \C-j here

; Using markers to move multi-byte characters may cause problems

(progn (setq begm (make-marker)) (setq endm (make-marker))) ;do \C-j here

(defun reverse-all ()
(set-marker begm start)
(set-marker endm (+ start (1- len)))
 (while (> endm begm)
(progn (transpose-regions begm (1+ begm) endm (1+ endm) t)
 (set-marker begm (1+ begm))
 (set-marker endm (1- endm))))) ;do \C-j here

;case1
(progn (setq start 64) (setq len 4) (reverse-all)) ;do \C-j here

;case2
(progn (setq start 94) (setq len 4) (reverse-all)) ;do \C-j here

;case3
(progn (setq start 124) (setq len 6) (reverse-all)) ;do \C-j here


; Using variables instead of markers works

(progn (defvar begv nil) (defvar endv nil))

(defun reverse-all2 ()
 (setq begv start)
 (setq endv (+ start (1- len)))
 (while (> endv begv)
(progn (transpose-regions  begv (1+ begv) endv (1+ endv) t)
 (setq begv (1+ begv))
 (setq endv (1- endv)))))

;case1
(progn (setq start 64) (setq len 4) (reverse-all2))

;case2
(progn (setq start 94) (setq len 4) (reverse-all2))

;case3
(progn (setq start 124) (setq len 6) (reverse-all2))

; end of attached file




In GNU Emacs 23.1.1 (i586-suse-linux-gnu, GTK+ Version 2.18.1)
 of 2009-10-24 on build16
Windowing system distributor `The X.Org Foundation', version 11.0.10605000
configured using `configure  '--with-pop' '--without-hesiod'  
'--with-kerberos' '--with-kerberos5' '--with-xim' '--prefix=/usr'  
'--mandir=/usr/share/man' '--infodir=/usr/share/info'  
'--datadir=/usr/share' '--localstatedir=/var'  
'--sharedstatedir=/var/lib' '--libexecdir=/usr/lib' '--with-x'  
'--with-sound' '--with-sync-input' '--with-xpm' '--with-jpeg'  
'--with-tiff' '--with-gif' '--with-png' '--with-rsvg' '--with-dbus'  
'--without-gpm' '--with-x-toolkit=gtk' '--x-includes=/usr/include'  
'--x-libraries=/usr/lib:/usr/share/X11' '--with-xft' '--with-libotf'  
'--with-m17n-flt' '--build=i586-suse-linux'  
'build_alias=i586-suse-linux' 'CC=gcc' 'CFLAGS=-fomit-frame-pointer  
-fmessage-length=0 -O2 -Wall -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fstack-protector  
-funwind-tables -fasynchronous-unwind-tables -g -D_GNU_SOURCE  
-std=gnu89 -pipe -Wno-pointer-sign -Wno-unused-variable  
-Wno-unused-label -Wno-unprototyped-calls  
-DSYSTEM_PURESIZE_EXTRA=55000     -DSITELOAD_PURESIZE_EXTRA=10000 '  
'LDFLAGS=-Wl,-O2 -Wl,--hash-size=65521''

Important settings:
  value of $LC_ALL: nil
  value of $LC_COLLATE: nil
  value of $LC_CTYPE: nil
  value of $LC_MESSAGES: nil
  value of $LC_MONETARY: nil
  value of $LC_NUMERIC: nil
  value of $LC_TIME: nil
  value of $LANG: en_US.UTF-8
  value of $XMODIFIERS: @im=local
  locale-coding-system: utf-8-unix
  default-enable-multibyte-characters: t

Major mode: Lisp Interaction

Minor modes in effect:
  show-paren-mode: t
  tooltip-mode: t
  tool-bar-mode: t
  mouse-wheel-mode: t
  menu-bar-mode: t
  file-name-shadow-mode: t
  global-font-lock-mode: t
  font-lock-mode: t
  blink-cursor-mode: t
  global-auto-composition-mode: t
  auto-composition-mode: t
  auto-encryption-mode: t
  auto-compression-mode: t
  line-number-mode: t
  transient-mark-mode: t

Recent input:
C-x 1 <down-mouse-1> <mouse-1> C-j <down-mouse-1> <mouse-1>
C-j <down-mouse-1> <mouse-1> C-j <down-mouse-1> <mouse-1>
C-j <down-mouse-1> <mouse-1> C-j <down> <down> <down>
<down> <down> <down-mouse-1> <mouse-1> C-j C-x C-s
<up> <up> <up> <up> <up> <up> <up> <up> <up> <up> <up>
<up> <up> <up> <up> <up> <up> <up> <up> <up> <up> <up>
<up> <up> <up> <up> <up> <up> <up> <up> <up> <up> <up>
<up> <up> <up> <up> <up> <up> <up> <up> <up> <up> <up>
<help-echo> <help-echo> <help-echo> <help-echo> <help-echo>
<help-echo> <help-echo> <menu-bar> <help-menu> <se
nd-emacs-bug-report>

Recent messages:
Loading /usr/share/emacs/site-lisp/nxml-mode/rng-auto.el (source)...done
For information about GNU Emacs and the GNU system, type C-h C-a.
Invalid image size (see `max-image-size') [9 times]
Saving file /home/schochet/try/files/reverse-out.el...
Wrote /home/schochet/try/files/reverse-out.el

Message #10 received at 5131 <at> emacsbugs.donarmstrong.com (full text, mbox):

From: Steve Schochet <schochet123 <at> gmail.com>
To: 5131 <at> debbugs.gnu.org
Subject: effect of debugger on bug 5131
Date: Sun, 06 Dec 2009 07:39:33 +0200

I just noticed that if you do: (debug-on-entry
'reverse-all)
before calling reverse-all, and step through it in
the debugger (using the command "d")
then the second case yields the expected behavior
instead of the bug that occurs when the debugger
is not used.
However, the third case still yields a bug.

Steve

Message #13 received at submit <at> debbugs.gnu.org (full text, mbox):

From: Andrew Hyatt <ahyatt <at> gmail.com>
To: schochet <at> post.tau.ac.il
Cc: bug-gnu-emacs <at> gnu.org, 5131 <at> debbugs.gnu.org
Subject: Re: bug#5131: Subject: 23.1;
 interaction of transpose-regions with markers and multibyte chars
Date: Sun, 17 Jul 2016 00:13:17 -0400

Sorry for the late reply.  I can reproduce the problem of unexpected
characters when transposing using markers in Emacs 25.

schochet <at> post.tau.ac.il writes:

> From: schochet <at> post.tau.ac.il
> To: bug-gnu-emacs <at> gnu.org, 5131 <at> debbugs.gnu.org
> Subject: 23.1; interaction of transpose-regions with markers and  multibyte
> chars
> --text follows this line--
>
> Repeated use of the function transpose-regions on regions defined by
> markers sometimes yields unexpected results when those regions contain
> multibyte characters. In some cases the text obtained after running
> transpose-regions even includes characters that were not present before.
>
> The function reverse-all given below is designed to reverse the order
> of the characters in a specified region. However, I obtain the following
> results:
>
> input region: abcd    output region: dcba               as expected
> input region: ÷bcd    output region: d÷bc               expected: dcb÷
> input region: ÷ab"äé  output region has CJK ideograph   expected: éä"ba÷
>
> To reproduce this bug, simply copy to a file the text below,
> beginning with the line starting with a semicolon,
> visit it in emacs, and evaluate the indicated lisp expressions
> by entering \C-j at the end of the indicated lines.
> Note that the lisp expressions set markers to specific locations,
> so the file should begin precisely where indicated.
> The first character after the space after the word "case1:" should be at
> position 64 in the file. If for some reason it
> is not, the values given to the variable start should be adjusted.
>
> The file below also contains an alternative function reverse-all2,
> which differs from reverse-all only in using variables instead of markers.
> The function reverse-all2 yields the expected results in all the above cases.
>
> This bug does not depend on my .emacs file, since I have reproduced it with
> a blank .emacs file.
>
> Please let me know if you need any more information.
>
> Steve Schochet
>
> ;-*- mode: lisp-interaction; coding: utf-8-unix -*-
>
> ; case 1: abcd      was: abcd
> ; case 2: ÷bcd      was: ÷bcd
> ; case 3: ÷ab"äé    was: ÷ab"äé
>
> (progn (defvar start nil) (defvar len nil)) ;do \C-j here
>
> ; Using markers to move multi-byte characters may cause problems
>
> (progn (setq begm (make-marker)) (setq endm (make-marker))) ;do \C-j here
>
> (defun reverse-all ()
> (set-marker begm start)
> (set-marker endm (+ start (1- len)))
>  (while (> endm begm)
> (progn (transpose-regions begm (1+ begm) endm (1+ endm) t)
>  (set-marker begm (1+ begm))
>  (set-marker endm (1- endm))))) ;do \C-j here
>
> ;case1
> (progn (setq start 64) (setq len 4) (reverse-all)) ;do \C-j here
>
> ;case2
> (progn (setq start 94) (setq len 4) (reverse-all)) ;do \C-j here
>
> ;case3
> (progn (setq start 124) (setq len 6) (reverse-all)) ;do \C-j here
>
>
> ; Using variables instead of markers works
>
> (progn (defvar begv nil) (defvar endv nil))
>
> (defun reverse-all2 ()
>  (setq begv start)
>  (setq endv (+ start (1- len)))
>  (while (> endv begv)
> (progn (transpose-regions  begv (1+ begv) endv (1+ endv) t)
>  (setq begv (1+ begv))
>  (setq endv (1- endv)))))
>
> ;case1
> (progn (setq start 64) (setq len 4) (reverse-all2))
>
> ;case2
> (progn (setq start 94) (setq len 4) (reverse-all2))
>
> ;case3
> (progn (setq start 124) (setq len 6) (reverse-all2))
>
> ; end of attached file
>
>
>
>
> In GNU Emacs 23.1.1 (i586-suse-linux-gnu, GTK+ Version 2.18.1)
>  of 2009-10-24 on build16
> Windowing system distributor `The X.Org Foundation', version 11.0.10605000
> configured using `configure  '--with-pop' '--without-hesiod'  '--with-kerberos'
> '--with-kerberos5' '--with-xim' '--prefix=/usr'  '--mandir=/usr/share/man'
> '--infodir=/usr/share/info'  '--datadir=/usr/share' '--localstatedir=/var'
> '--sharedstatedir=/var/lib' '--libexecdir=/usr/lib' '--with-x'  '--with-sound'
> '--with-sync-input' '--with-xpm' '--with-jpeg'  '--with-tiff' '--with-gif'
> '--with-png' '--with-rsvg' '--with-dbus'  '--without-gpm' '--with-x-toolkit=gtk'
> '--x-includes=/usr/include'  '--x-libraries=/usr/lib:/usr/share/X11'
> '--with-xft' '--with-libotf'  '--with-m17n-flt' '--build=i586-suse-linux'
> 'build_alias=i586-suse-linux' 'CC=gcc' 'CFLAGS=-fomit-frame-pointer
> -fmessage-length=0 -O2 -Wall -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fstack-protector
> -funwind-tables -fasynchronous-unwind-tables -g -D_GNU_SOURCE  -std=gnu89 -pipe
> -Wno-pointer-sign -Wno-unused-variable  -Wno-unused-label
> -Wno-unprototyped-calls  -DSYSTEM_PURESIZE_EXTRA=55000
> -DSITELOAD_PURESIZE_EXTRA=10000 '  'LDFLAGS=-Wl,-O2 -Wl,--hash-size=65521''
>
> Important settings:
>   value of $LC_ALL: nil
>   value of $LC_COLLATE: nil
>   value of $LC_CTYPE: nil
>   value of $LC_MESSAGES: nil
>   value of $LC_MONETARY: nil
>   value of $LC_NUMERIC: nil
>   value of $LC_TIME: nil
>   value of $LANG: en_US.UTF-8
>   value of $XMODIFIERS: @im=local
>   locale-coding-system: utf-8-unix
>   default-enable-multibyte-characters: t
>
> Major mode: Lisp Interaction
>
> Minor modes in effect:
>   show-paren-mode: t
>   tooltip-mode: t
>   tool-bar-mode: t
>   mouse-wheel-mode: t
>   menu-bar-mode: t
>   file-name-shadow-mode: t
>   global-font-lock-mode: t
>   font-lock-mode: t
>   blink-cursor-mode: t
>   global-auto-composition-mode: t
>   auto-composition-mode: t
>   auto-encryption-mode: t
>   auto-compression-mode: t
>   line-number-mode: t
>   transient-mark-mode: t
>
> Recent input:
> C-x 1 <down-mouse-1> <mouse-1> C-j <down-mouse-1> <mouse-1>
> C-j <down-mouse-1> <mouse-1> C-j <down-mouse-1> <mouse-1>
> C-j <down-mouse-1> <mouse-1> C-j <down> <down> <down>
> <down> <down> <down-mouse-1> <mouse-1> C-j C-x C-s
> <up> <up> <up> <up> <up> <up> <up> <up> <up> <up> <up>
> <up> <up> <up> <up> <up> <up> <up> <up> <up> <up> <up>
> <up> <up> <up> <up> <up> <up> <up> <up> <up> <up> <up>
> <up> <up> <up> <up> <up> <up> <up> <up> <up> <up> <up>
> <help-echo> <help-echo> <help-echo> <help-echo> <help-echo>
> <help-echo> <help-echo> <menu-bar> <help-menu> <se
> nd-emacs-bug-report>
>
> Recent messages:
> Loading /usr/share/emacs/site-lisp/nxml-mode/rng-auto.el (source)...done
> For information about GNU Emacs and the GNU system, type C-h C-a.
> Invalid image size (see `max-image-size') [9 times]
> Saving file /home/schochet/try/files/reverse-out.el...
> Wrote /home/schochet/try/files/reverse-out.el

Message #19 received at 5131 <at> debbugs.gnu.org (full text, mbox):

From: npostavs <at> users.sourceforge.net
To: Andrew Hyatt <ahyatt <at> gmail.com>
Cc: schochet <at> post.tau.ac.il, 5131 <at> debbugs.gnu.org
Subject: Re: bug#5131: Subject: 23.1;
 interaction of transpose-regions with markers and multibyte chars
Date: Sun, 17 Jul 2016 00:46:34 -0400

Andrew Hyatt <ahyatt <at> gmail.com> writes:

> Sorry for the late reply.  I can reproduce the problem of unexpected
> characters when transposing using markers in Emacs 25.
>
> schochet <at> post.tau.ac.il writes:
>
>> ;-*- mode: lisp-interaction; coding: utf-8-unix -*-
>>
>> ; case 1: abcd      was: abcd
>> ; case 2: ÷bcd      was: ÷bcd
>> ; case 3: ÷ab"äé    was: ÷ab"äé
>>
>> (progn (defvar start nil) (defvar len nil)) ;do \C-j here
>>
>> ; Using markers to move multi-byte characters may cause problems
>>
>> (progn (setq begm (make-marker)) (setq endm (make-marker))) ;do \C-j here
>>
>> (defun reverse-all ()
>> (set-marker begm start)
>> (set-marker endm (+ start (1- len)))
>>  (while (> endm begm)
>> (progn (transpose-regions begm (1+ begm) endm (1+ endm) t)
>>  (set-marker begm (1+ begm))
>>  (set-marker endm (1- endm))))) ;do \C-j here
>>
>> ;case1
>> (progn (setq start 64) (setq len 4) (reverse-all)) ;do \C-j here
>>
>> ;case2
>> (progn (setq start 94) (setq len 4) (reverse-all)) ;do \C-j here
>>
>> ;case3
>> (progn (setq start 124) (setq len 6) (reverse-all)) ;do \C-j here

With the latest emacs-25 branch after evaluating up to case3 here, I get
an abort, here is the backtrace:

(gdb) bt
#0  0x00007ffff1218d59 in raise () from /usr/lib/libpthread.so.0
#1  0x00000000005738c4 in terminate_due_to_signal (sig=6, backtrace_limit=2147483647) at emacs.c:381
#2  0x0000000000600d84 in die (msg=0x6f4140 "IT_BYTEPOS (*it) == CHAR_TO_BYTE (IT_CHARPOS (*it))", file=0x6f1ff0 "xdisp.c", 
    line=7442) at alloc.c:7223
#3  0x0000000000452c1c in set_iterator_to_next (it=0x7fffffff90f0, reseat_p=true) at xdisp.c:7442
#4  0x00000000004832b4 in display_line (it=0x7fffffff90f0) at xdisp.c:20997
#5  0x00000000004793af in try_window_id (w=0x13fc690) at xdisp.c:18413
#6  0x000000000046fd44 in redisplay_window (window=20956821, just_this_one_p=true) at xdisp.c:16573
#7  0x0000000000467ad2 in redisplay_window_1 (window=20956821) at xdisp.c:14454
#8  0x0000000000621077 in internal_condition_case_1 (bfun=0x467a90 <redisplay_window_1>, arg=20956821, handlers=14478067, 
    hfun=0x467a0a <redisplay_window_error>) at eval.c:1333
#9  0x0000000000466cbc in redisplay_internal () at xdisp.c:14079
#10 0x00000000004640c2 in redisplay () at xdisp.c:13214
#11 0x000000000057b647 in read_char (commandflag=1, map=17541507, prev_event=0, used_mouse_menu=0x7fffffffe42f, end_time=0x0)
    at keyboard.c:2477
#12 0x000000000058b90f in read_key_sequence (keybuf=0x7fffffffe5e0, bufsize=30, prompt=0, dont_downcase_last=false, 
    can_return_switch_frame=true, fix_current_buffer=true, prevent_redisplay=false) at keyboard.c:9063
#13 0x000000000057854d in command_loop_1 () at keyboard.c:1365
#14 0x0000000000620fdd in internal_condition_case (bfun=0x57810b <command_loop_1>, handlers=19056, hfun=0x577779 <cmd_error>)
    at eval.c:1309
#15 0x0000000000577d38 in command_loop_2 (ignore=0) at keyboard.c:1107
#16 0x000000000062056f in internal_catch (tag=45840, func=0x577d0f <command_loop_2>, arg=0) at eval.c:1074
#17 0x0000000000577cda in command_loop () at keyboard.c:1086
#18 0x0000000000577251 in recursive_edit_1 () at keyboard.c:692
#19 0x000000000057745d in Frecursive_edit () at keyboard.c:763
#20 0x00000000005751f5 in main (argc=3, argv=0x7fffffffea78) at emacs.c:1606

Lisp Backtrace:
"redisplay_internal (C function)" (0x0)


In GNU Emacs 25.0.95.21 (x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu, X toolkit)
 of 2016-07-11 built on zony
Repository revision: d1300340cbd44abe79ef71a57ae1488479f76b0d
Windowing system distributor 'The X.Org Foundation', version 11.0.11803000
Configured using:
 'configure --cache-file=../debug-config.cache 'CFLAGS=-O0 -g3
 -march=native' --enable-checking MAKEINFO=makeinfo-4.13a
 --with-x-toolkit=lucid --without-toolkit-scroll-bars --with-gif=no
 --with-jpeg=no'

Message #24 received at 5131-done <at> debbugs.gnu.org (full text, mbox):

From: Eli Zaretskii <eliz <at> gnu.org>
To: npostavs <at> users.sourceforge.net
Cc: ahyatt <at> gmail.com, schochet <at> post.tau.ac.il, 5131-done <at> debbugs.gnu.org
Subject: Re: bug#5131: Subject: 23.1;
 interaction of transpose-regions with markers and multibyte chars
Date: Tue, 19 Jul 2016 19:05:09 +0300

> From: npostavs <at> users.sourceforge.net
> Date: Sun, 17 Jul 2016 00:46:34 -0400
> Cc: schochet <at> post.tau.ac.il, 5131 <at> debbugs.gnu.org
> 
> Andrew Hyatt <ahyatt <at> gmail.com> writes:
> 
> > Sorry for the late reply.  I can reproduce the problem of unexpected
> > characters when transposing using markers in Emacs 25.
> >
> > schochet <at> post.tau.ac.il writes:
> >
> >> ;-*- mode: lisp-interaction; coding: utf-8-unix -*-
> >>
> >> ; case 1: abcd      was: abcd
> >> ; case 2: ÷bcd      was: ÷bcd
> >> ; case 3: ÷ab"äé    was: ÷ab"äé
> >>
> >> (progn (defvar start nil) (defvar len nil)) ;do \C-j here
> >>
> >> ; Using markers to move multi-byte characters may cause problems
> >>
> >> (progn (setq begm (make-marker)) (setq endm (make-marker))) ;do \C-j here
> >>
> >> (defun reverse-all ()
> >> (set-marker begm start)
> >> (set-marker endm (+ start (1- len)))
> >>  (while (> endm begm)
> >> (progn (transpose-regions begm (1+ begm) endm (1+ endm) t)
> >>  (set-marker begm (1+ begm))
> >>  (set-marker endm (1- endm))))) ;do \C-j here
> >>
> >> ;case1
> >> (progn (setq start 64) (setq len 4) (reverse-all)) ;do \C-j here
> >>
> >> ;case2
> >> (progn (setq start 94) (setq len 4) (reverse-all)) ;do \C-j here
> >>
> >> ;case3
> >> (progn (setq start 124) (setq len 6) (reverse-all)) ;do \C-j here
> 
> With the latest emacs-25 branch after evaluating up to case3 here, I get
> an abort, here is the backtrace:
> 
> (gdb) bt
> #0  0x00007ffff1218d59 in raise () from /usr/lib/libpthread.so.0
> #1  0x00000000005738c4 in terminate_due_to_signal (sig=6, backtrace_limit=2147483647) at emacs.c:381
> #2  0x0000000000600d84 in die (msg=0x6f4140 "IT_BYTEPOS (*it) == CHAR_TO_BYTE (IT_CHARPOS (*it))", file=0x6f1ff0 "xdisp.c", 
>     line=7442) at alloc.c:7223
> #3  0x0000000000452c1c in set_iterator_to_next (it=0x7fffffff90f0, reseat_p=true) at xdisp.c:7442

That's because your build is with --enable-checking, while Andrew's
probably isn't.  This recipe causes some markers to have invalid
bytepos values, so any code that calls CHAR_TO_BYTE is likely to crash
or cause assertion violations.

It feels strange to fix bugs that were introduced 18 years ago; I
guess almost no one invokes transpose-regions with last argument
non-nil.

Fixed on the master branch.  I'm closing the bug; feel free to reopen
if there are some left-overs.

Thanks.

Previous Next

GNU bug tracking system
Copyright (C) 1999 Darren O. Benham, 1997,2003 nCipher Corporation Ltd, 1994-97 Ian Jackson.