Subject: Re: bug#6131: [PATCH]: fiemap support for efficient sparse file copy

From: "jeff.liu" <[email-masked]>
Date: Tue, 20 Jul 2010 23:24:21 +0800

Hello All,

Below is my patches to isolate the extents scan and fetch functions in a new module to improve its
extendibility.

It introduce a new file 'src/extent-scan.c' to place those functions, and then call those functions
from extents_copy() at copy_reg() to process the regular file copy.

In addition to this, another major change is to copy all data if '--sparse=never' option is
specified.  It write all data to destination file but using extents_copy() if available for
efficient read source file, and it try to figure out the holes between the previous and current
extents, and call fill_with_holes_ok() to write zeros as holes to the destination file if it is.
Call file_with_holes_ok() to write zeros up to the source file size if hit the last extent of the
source file and there is a hole behind it.

I have not implement the solaris lseek(2) at the moment for lack of solaris environment, it need to
delay a period of time.

According to my tryout, it works for those 4 filesystems in common use, you all know.
As usual, any comments are welcome!

>From 70773fdf1d85ba070e054b0467a7a0e1e2b00ea8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jie Liu <[email-masked]>
Date: Tue, 20 Jul 2010 20:35:25 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1/3] cp: delete fiemap_copy() related stuff from copy.c

* delete fiemap_copy(), now it is implemented as a module.

Signed-off-by: Jie Liu <[email-masked]>
---
 src/copy.c |  171 ------------------------------------------------------------
 1 files changed, 0 insertions(+), 171 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/copy.c b/src/copy.c
index f48c74d..171499c 100644
--- a/src/copy.c
+++ b/src/copy.c
@@ -63,10 +63,6 @@

 #include <sys/ioctl.h>

-#ifndef HAVE_FIEMAP
-# include "fiemap.h"
-#endif
-
 #ifndef HAVE_FCHOWN
 # define HAVE_FCHOWN false
 # define fchown(fd, uid, gid) (-1)
@@ -153,153 +149,6 @@ clone_file (int dest_fd, int src_fd)
 #endif
 }

-#ifdef __linux__
-# ifndef FS_IOC_FIEMAP
-#  define FS_IOC_FIEMAP _IOWR ('f', 11, struct fiemap)
-# endif
-/* Perform a FIEMAP copy, if possible.
-   Call ioctl(2) with FS_IOC_FIEMAP (available in linux 2.6.27) to
-   obtain a map of file extents excluding holes.  This avoids the
-   overhead of detecting holes in a hole-introducing/preserving copy,
-   and thus makes copying sparse files much more efficient.  Upon a
-   successful copy, return true.  If the initial ioctl fails, set
-   *NORMAL_COPY_REQUIRED to true and return false.  Upon any other
-   failure, set *NORMAL_COPY_REQUIRED to false and return false.  */
-static bool
-fiemap_copy (int src_fd, int dest_fd, size_t buf_size,
-             off_t src_total_size, char const *src_name,
-             char const *dst_name, bool *normal_copy_required)
-{
-  bool last = false;
-  union { struct fiemap f; char c[4096]; } fiemap_buf;
-  struct fiemap *fiemap = &fiemap_buf.f;
-  struct fiemap_extent *fm_ext = &fiemap->fm_extents[0];
-  enum { count = (sizeof fiemap_buf - sizeof *fiemap) / sizeof *fm_ext };
-  verify (count != 0);
-
-  off_t last_ext_logical = 0;
-  uint64_t last_ext_len = 0;
-  uint64_t last_read_size = 0;
-  unsigned int i = 0;
-  *normal_copy_required = false;
-
-  /* This is required at least to initialize fiemap->fm_start,
-     but also serves (in mid 2010) to appease valgrind, which
-     appears not to know the semantics of the FIEMAP ioctl. */
-  memset (&fiemap_buf, 0, sizeof fiemap_buf);
-
-  do
-    {
-      fiemap->fm_length = FIEMAP_MAX_OFFSET;
-      fiemap->fm_flags = FIEMAP_FLAG_SYNC;
-      fiemap->fm_extent_count = count;
-
-      /* When ioctl(2) fails, fall back to the normal copy only if it
-         is the first time we met.  */
-      if (ioctl (src_fd, FS_IOC_FIEMAP, fiemap) < 0)
-        {
-          /* If the first ioctl fails, tell the caller that it is
-             ok to proceed with a normal copy.  */
-          if (i == 0)
-            *normal_copy_required = true;
-          else
-            {
-              /* If the second or subsequent ioctl fails, diagnose it,
-                 since it ends up causing the entire copy/cp to fail.  */
-              error (0, errno, _("%s: FIEMAP ioctl failed"), quote (src_name));
-            }
-          return false;
-        }
-
-      /* If 0 extents are returned, then more ioctls are not needed.  */
-      if (fiemap->fm_mapped_extents == 0)
-        break;
-
-      for (i = 0; i < fiemap->fm_mapped_extents; i++)
-        {
-          assert (fm_ext[i].fe_logical <= OFF_T_MAX);
-
-          off_t ext_logical = fm_ext[i].fe_logical;
-          uint64_t ext_len = fm_ext[i].fe_length;
-
-          if (lseek (src_fd, ext_logical, SEEK_SET) < 0)
-            {
-              error (0, errno, _("cannot lseek %s"), quote (src_name));
-              return false;
-            }
-
-          if (lseek (dest_fd, ext_logical, SEEK_SET) < 0)
-            {
-              error (0, errno, _("cannot lseek %s"), quote (dst_name));
-              return false;
-            }
-
-          if (fm_ext[i].fe_flags & FIEMAP_EXTENT_LAST)
-            {
-              last_ext_logical = ext_logical;
-              last_ext_len = ext_len;
-              last = true;
-            }
-
-          while (ext_len)
-            {
-              char buf[buf_size];
-
-              /* Avoid reading into the holes if the left extent
-                 length is shorter than the buffer size.  */
-              if (ext_len < buf_size)
-                buf_size = ext_len;
-
-              ssize_t n_read = read (src_fd, buf, buf_size);
-              if (n_read < 0)
-                {
-#ifdef EINTR
-                  if (errno == EINTR)
-                    continue;
-#endif
-                  error (0, errno, _("reading %s"), quote (src_name));
-                  return false;
-                }
-
-              if (n_read == 0)
-                {
-                  /* Figure out how many bytes read from the last extent.  */
-                  last_read_size = last_ext_len - ext_len;
-                  break;
-                }
-
-              if (full_write (dest_fd, buf, n_read) != n_read)
-                {
-                  error (0, errno, _("writing %s"), quote (dst_name));
-                  return false;
-                }
-
-              ext_len -= n_read;
-            }
-        }
-
-      fiemap->fm_start = fm_ext[i - 1].fe_logical + fm_ext[i - 1].fe_length;
-
-    } while (! last);
-
-  /* If a file ends up with holes, the sum of the last extent logical offset
-     and the read-returned size will be shorter than the actual size of the
-     file.  Use ftruncate to extend the length of the destination file.  */
-  if (last_ext_logical + last_read_size < src_total_size)
-    {
-      if (ftruncate (dest_fd, src_total_size) < 0)
-        {
-          error (0, errno, _("failed to extend %s"), quote (dst_name));
-          return false;
-        }
-    }
-
-  return true;
-}
-#else
-static bool fiemap_copy (ignored) { errno == ENOTSUP; return false; }
-#endif
-
 /* FIXME: describe */
 /* FIXME: rewrite this to use a hash table so we avoid the quadratic
    performance hit that's probably noticeable only on trees deeper
@@ -830,25 +679,6 @@ copy_reg (char const *src_name, char const *dst_name,
 #endif
         }

-      if (make_holes)
-        {
-          bool require_normal_copy;
-          /* Perform efficient FIEMAP copy for sparse files, fall back to the
-             standard copy only if the ioctl(2) fails.  */
-          if (fiemap_copy (source_desc, dest_desc, buf_size,
-                           src_open_sb.st_size, src_name,
-                           dst_name, &require_normal_copy))
-            goto preserve_metadata;
-          else
-            {
-              if (! require_normal_copy)
-                {
-                  return_val = false;
-                  goto close_src_and_dst_desc;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
       /* If not making a sparse file, try to use a more-efficient
          buffer size.  */
       if (! make_holes)
@@ -977,7 +807,6 @@ copy_reg (char const *src_name, char const *dst_name,
         }
     }

-preserve_metadata:
   if (x->preserve_timestamps)
     {
       struct timespec timespec[2];
-- 
1.5.4.3

>From f083f1a52ec5baba90aa228c1053f4a32127b3b2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jie Liu <[email-masked]>
Date: Tue, 20 Jul 2010 23:10:29 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 2/3] cp: add a new module for scanning extents

* src/extent-scan.c: Source code for scanning extents.
  Call init_extent_scan() to return an extents map.
  Call get_next_extent() to get the next extent for each iteration.
  Call close_extent_scan() to tear down the scan, it now do nothing.
* src/extent-scan.h: Header file of extent-scan.c.
* src/Makefile.am: Reference it.

Signed-off-by: Jie Liu <[email-masked]>
---
 src/Makefile.am   |    3 +-
 src/extent-scan.c |  137 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/extent-scan.h |   25 ++++++++++
 3 files changed, 164 insertions(+), 1 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/extent-scan.c
 create mode 100644 src/extent-scan.h

diff --git a/src/Makefile.am b/src/Makefile.am
index 7d56312..fb8186c 100644
--- a/src/Makefile.am
+++ b/src/Makefile.am
@@ -145,6 +145,7 @@ noinst_HEADERS =	\
   copy.h		\
   cp-hash.h		\
   dircolors.h		\
+  extent-scan.h         \
   fiemap.h		\
   fs.h			\
   group-list.h		\
@@ -459,7 +460,7 @@ uninstall-local:
 	  fi; \
 	fi

-copy_sources = copy.c cp-hash.c
+copy_sources = copy.c cp-hash.c extent-scan.c

 # Use `ginstall' in the definition of PROGRAMS and in dependencies to avoid
 # confusion with the `install' target.  The install rule transforms `ginstall'
diff --git a/src/extent-scan.c b/src/extent-scan.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c4085e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/extent-scan.c
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+/* extent-scan.c -- core functions for scanning extents
+   Copyright (C) 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+   This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+   it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+   the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+   (at your option) any later version.
+
+   This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+   GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+   along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+   Written by Jie Liu ([email-masked]).  */
+
+#include <config.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+
+#include "system.h"
+#include "extent-scan.h"
+#include "error.h"
+#include "quote.h"
+
+#ifndef HAVE_FIEMAP
+# include "fiemap.h"
+#endif
+
+/* The number of extents currently scan returned.  */
+static size_t current_scanned_extents_count = 0;
+
+#ifdef __linux__
+# ifndef FS_IOC_FIEMAP
+#  define FS_IOC_FIEMAP _IOWR ('f', 11, struct fiemap)
+# endif
+/* Call ioctl(2) with FS_IOC_FIEMAP (available in linux 2.6.27) to
+   obtain a map of file extents excluding holes.  */
+extern void *
+init_extent_scan (int src_fd, const char *src_name,
+                  bool *normal_copy_required,
+                  bool *hit_last_extent)
+{
+  union { struct fiemap f; char c[4096]; } fiemap_buf;
+  struct fiemap *fiemap = &fiemap_buf.f;
+  struct fiemap_extent *fm_extents = &fiemap->fm_extents[0];
+  enum { count = (sizeof fiemap_buf - sizeof *fiemap) / sizeof *fm_extents };
+  verify (count != 0);
+  static uint64_t next_map_start = 0;
+
+  /* This is required at least to initialize fiemap->fm_start,
+   * but also serves (in mid 2010) to appease valgrind, which
+   * appears not to know the semantics of the FIEMAP ioctl. */
+  memset (&fiemap_buf, 0, sizeof fiemap_buf);
+
+  fiemap->fm_start = next_map_start;
+  fiemap->fm_flags = FIEMAP_FLAG_SYNC;
+  fiemap->fm_extent_count = count;
+  fiemap->fm_length = FIEMAP_MAX_OFFSET - next_map_start;
+
+  /* When ioctl(2) fails, fall back to the normal copy only if it
+     is the first time we met.  */
+  if (ioctl (src_fd, FS_IOC_FIEMAP, fiemap) < 0)
+    {
+      error (0, errno, _("%s: FIEMAP ioctl failed"), quote (src_name));
+
+      if (next_map_start == 0)
+        *normal_copy_required = true;
+
+      return NULL;
+    }
+
+  /* If 0 extents are returned, then more init_extent_scan() are not needed.  */
+  if (fiemap->fm_mapped_extents == 0)
+    {
+      *hit_last_extent = true;
+      return NULL;
+    }
+
+  current_scanned_extents_count = fiemap->fm_mapped_extents;
+  unsigned int last_extent_index = current_scanned_extents_count - 1;
+
+  if (fm_extents[last_extent_index].fe_flags & FIEMAP_EXTENT_LAST)
+    {
+      *hit_last_extent = true;
+      return fm_extents;
+    }
+
+  next_map_start = fm_extents[last_extent_index].fe_logical +
+                   fm_extents[last_extent_index].fe_length;
+
+  return fm_extents;
+}
+
+/* Return an extent's logical offset and length for each iteration.  */
+extern bool
+get_next_extent (void *scanned_extents, off_t *extent_logical,
+                 uint64_t *extent_length)
+{
+  static size_t i = 0;
+  struct fiemap_extent *fm_extents = (struct fiemap_extent *) scanned_extents;
+
+  if (i < current_scanned_extents_count)
+    {
+      *extent_logical = fm_extents[i].fe_logical;
+      *extent_length = fm_extents[i].fe_length;
+      i++;
+      return true;
+    }
+
+  return false;
+}
+
+extern void
+close_extent_scan (void)
+{
+  return ;
+}
+#else
+extent void *
+init_extent_scan (int src_fd, const char *src_name,
+                  bool *hit_last_extent, bool *normal_copy_required)
+{
+  *normal_copy_required = true;
+  errno = ENOTSUP;
+  (void) src_fd;
+  (void) src_name;
+  (void) hit_last_extent;
+  (void) normal_copy_required;
+  return false;
+}
+extern bool get_next_extent (ignored) { errno = ENOTSUP; return false; }
+extern void close_extent_scan (ignored) { error = ENOTSUP; return ; }
+#endif
diff --git a/src/extent-scan.h b/src/extent-scan.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e7e373f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/extent-scan.h
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+/* core functions for efficient reading sparse files
+   Copyright (C) 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+   This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+   it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+   the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+   (at your option) any later version.
+
+   This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+   GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+   along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.  */
+
+#ifndef SPARSE_CORE_H
+# define SPARSE_CORE_H
+
+void *init_extent_scan (int src_fd, const char *src_name,
+                        bool *normal_copy_required,
+                        bool *hit_last_extent);
+bool get_next_extent (void *scanned_extents, off_t *extent_logical, uint64_t *extent_length);
+void close_extent_scan (void);
+#endif /* SPARSE_CORE_H */
-- 
1.5.4.3

>From f23169c2c1721b8888dccb77000f79ddf9804df0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jie Liu <[email-masked]>
Date: Tue, 20 Jul 2010 23:11:08 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 3/3] cp: add extents_copy() for efficient sparse file copy

* src/copy.c (copy_reg): Now, `cp' attempt to make use of the new extent scan
  module for efficient sparse file copy through extents_copy(), fall back to a
  normal copy if the underlaying file system does not support it.
  We honor --sparse=never by writing all data but use extents scan if available
  to read source file for the efficiently read.
* src/copy.c: Add fill_with_holes_ok() for write zeros as holes to destination file.
* po/POTFILES.in: add extent-scan.c to it.

Signed-off-by: Jie Liu <[email-masked]>
---
 po/POTFILES.in |    1 +
 src/copy.c     |  190 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 191 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)

diff --git a/po/POTFILES.in b/po/POTFILES.in
index c862877..2ac1993 100644
--- a/po/POTFILES.in
+++ b/po/POTFILES.in
@@ -60,6 +60,7 @@ src/echo.c
 src/env.c
 src/expand.c
 src/expr.c
+src/extent-scan.c
 src/factor.c
 src/false.c
 src/fmt.c
diff --git a/src/copy.c b/src/copy.c
index 171499c..6d89bbe 100644
--- a/src/copy.c
+++ b/src/copy.c
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@
 #include "copy.h"
 #include "cp-hash.h"
 #include "error.h"
+#include "extent-scan.h"
 #include "fcntl--.h"
 #include "file-set.h"
 #include "filemode.h"
@@ -149,6 +150,176 @@ clone_file (int dest_fd, int src_fd)
 #endif
 }

+/* Write zeros as holes to the destination file.  */
+static bool
+fill_with_holes_ok (int dest_fd, const char *dst_name,
+                    char *buf, size_t buf_size,
+                    uint64_t holes_len)
+{
+  while (buf_size < holes_len)
+    {
+      if (full_write (dest_fd, buf, buf_size) != buf_size)
+        {
+          error (0, errno, _("writing %s"), quote (dst_name));
+          return false;
+        }
+        holes_len -= buf_size;
+    }
+
+  if (0 < holes_len)
+    {
+      if (full_write (dest_fd, buf, holes_len) != holes_len)
+        {
+          error (0, errno, _("writing %s"), quote (dst_name));
+          return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+/* Perform an efficient extents copy, if possible.  This avoids
+   the overhead of detecting holes in hole-introducing/preserving
+   copy, and thus make copying sparse files much more efficient.
+   Upon a successful copy, return true.  If the first initial extent
+   scan fails, set *NORMAL_COPY_REQUIRED to true and return false.
+   Upon any other failure, set *NORMAL_COPY_REQUIRED to false and
+   return false.  */
+static bool
+extents_copy (int source_desc, int dest_desc,
+              char *buf, size_t buf_size,
+              const char *src_name, const char *dst_name,
+              bool make_holes, size_t src_total_size,
+              bool *require_normal_copy)
+{
+  bool init_extent_scan_failed = false;
+  bool hit_last_extent = false;
+  void *scanned_extents;
+  off_t last_ext_logical = 0;
+  off_t ext_logical = 0;
+  uint64_t last_ext_len = 0;
+  uint64_t ext_len = 0;
+  uint64_t holes_len = 0;
+  uint64_t last_read_size = 0;
+
+  if (! make_holes)
+    memset (buf, 0, buf_size);
+
+  do
+    {
+      scanned_extents = init_extent_scan (source_desc, src_name,
+                                          &init_extent_scan_failed,
+                                          &hit_last_extent);
+      if (init_extent_scan_failed)
+        {
+          *require_normal_copy = true;
+          return false;
+        }
+
+      while (get_next_extent (scanned_extents, &ext_logical, &ext_len))
+        {
+          assert (ext_logical <= OFF_T_MAX);
+
+          if (lseek (source_desc, ext_logical, SEEK_SET) < 0)
+            {
+              error (0, errno, _("cannot lseek %s"), quote (src_name));
+              return false;
+            }
+
+          if (make_holes)
+            {
+              if (lseek (dest_desc, ext_logical, SEEK_SET) < 0)
+                {
+                  error (0, errno, _("cannot lseek %s"), quote (dst_name));
+                  return false;
+                }
+            }
+          else
+            {
+              /* If not making a sparse file, write zeros to the destination
+                 file if there is a hole between the last and current extent.  */
+              if (last_ext_logical + last_ext_len < ext_logical)
+                {
+                  holes_len = ext_logical - last_ext_logical - last_ext_len;
+                  if (! fill_with_holes_ok (dest_desc, dst_name, buf, buf_size, holes_len))
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+
+          last_ext_logical = ext_logical;
+          last_ext_len = ext_len;
+
+          last_read_size = 0;
+          while (ext_len)
+            {
+              /* Avoid reading into the holes if the left extent
+                 length is shorter than the buffer size.  */
+              if (ext_len < buf_size)
+                buf_size = ext_len;
+
+              ssize_t n_read = read (source_desc, buf, buf_size);
+              if (n_read < 0)
+                {
+#ifdef EINTR
+                  if (errno == EINTR)
+                    continue;
+#endif
+                  error (0, errno, _("reading %s"), quote (src_name));
+                  return false;
+                }
+
+              if (n_read == 0)
+                {
+                  last_read_size = last_ext_len - ext_len;
+                  break;
+                }
+
+              if (full_write (dest_desc, buf, n_read) != n_read)
+                {
+                  error (0, errno, _("writing %s"), quote (dst_name));
+                  return false;
+                }
+
+              ext_len -= n_read;
+              last_read_size += n_read;
+            }
+        }
+    } while (! hit_last_extent);
+
+  close_extent_scan ();
+
+  /* If a file ends up with holes, the sum of the last extent logical offset
+     and the read-returned size or the last extent length will be shorter than
+     the actual size of the file.  Use ftruncate to extend the length of the
+     destination file if make_holes, or write zeros up to the actual size of the
+     file.  */
+  if (make_holes)
+    {
+      if (last_ext_logical + last_read_size < src_total_size)
+        {
+          if (ftruncate (dest_desc, src_total_size) < 0)
+            {
+              error (0, errno, _("failed to extend %s"), quote (dst_name));
+              return false;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      if (last_ext_logical + last_ext_len < src_total_size)
+        {
+          holes_len = src_total_size - last_ext_logical - last_ext_len;
+          if (0 < holes_len)
+            {
+              if (! fill_with_holes_ok (dest_desc, dst_name, buf, buf_size, holes_len))
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
 /* FIXME: describe */
 /* FIXME: rewrite this to use a hash table so we avoid the quadratic
    performance hit that's probably noticeable only on trees deeper
@@ -707,6 +878,24 @@ copy_reg (char const *src_name, char const *dst_name,
       buf_alloc = xmalloc (buf_size + buf_alignment_slop);
       buf = ptr_align (buf_alloc, buf_alignment);

+      bool require_normal_copy;
+      /* Perform efficient extents copy for sparse files, fall back to the
+         standard copy only if the first initial extent scan fails.  If the
+         `--sparse=never' option was specified, we writing all data but use
+         extents copy if available to efficiently read.  */
+      if (extents_copy (source_desc, dest_desc, buf, buf_size,
+                        src_name, dst_name, make_holes,
+                        src_open_sb.st_size, &require_normal_copy))
+        goto preserve_metadata;
+      else
+        {
+          if (! require_normal_copy)
+            {
+              return_val = false;
+              goto close_src_and_dst_desc;
+            }
+        }
+
       while (true)
         {
           word *wp = NULL;
@@ -807,6 +996,7 @@ copy_reg (char const *src_name, char const *dst_name,
         }
     }

+preserve_metadata:
   if (x->preserve_timestamps)
     {
       struct timespec timespec[2];
-- 
1.5.4.3

Thanks,
-Jeff

-- 
The knowledge you get, no matter how much it is, must be possessed yourself and nourished with your
own painstaking efforts and be your achievement through hard work.