Package: coreutils;
Reported by: karl <at> freefriends.org (Karl Berry)
Date: Fri, 4 Jan 2013 17:35:02 UTC
Severity: normal
Done: Pádraig Brady <P <at> draigBrady.com>
Bug is archived. No further changes may be made.
View this message in rfc822 format
From: karl <at> freefriends.org (Karl Berry) To: 13358 <at> debbugs.gnu.org Subject: bug#13358: removing @acronym from manual Date: Fri, 4 Jan 2013 17:33:13 GMT
Didn't we conclude it was better to avoid @acronym and the consequent
ugly rendering in browsers? (Except in cases where it's actually
useful, which is never in the coreutils manual.)
I'm sure we did so for @sc. Unfortunately I cannot separate patches for
@sc and @acronym since they are often used in the same text.
As a side note, there were a number of inconsistent uses -- sometimes
@acronym{GNU}, sometimes @sc{gnu}, sometimes GNU, etc. This is one of
the reasons why I feel it's better to simply avoid them; it's a whole
lot of trouble to actually get it right, and (IMHO) it's not anywhere
near worth the hassle.
k
2013-01-04 Karl Berry <karl <at> gnu.org>
* coreutils.texi: avoid @acronym and @sc; they are unnecessary.
--- /tmp/ORIG/coreutils.texi 2013-01-04 09:20:20.000000000 -0800
+++ /tmp/coreutils.texi 2013-01-04 09:26:47.000000000 -0800
@@ -274,3 +274,3 @@
* Output formatting in ptx:: Types of output format, and sizing the fields
-* Compatibility in ptx:: The @acronym{GNU} extensions to @command{ptx}
+* Compatibility in ptx:: The GNU extensions to @command{ptx}
@@ -505,5 +505,5 @@
-@cindex @acronym{POSIX}
+@cindex POSIX
The @sc{gnu} utilities documented here are mostly compatible with the
-@acronym{POSIX} standard.
+POSIX standard.
@cindex bugs, reporting
@@ -586,3 +586,3 @@
@cindex output @sc{nul}-byte-terminated lines
-Output a zero byte (@acronym{ASCII} @sc{nul}) at the end of each line,
+Output a zero byte (ASCII @sc{nul}) at the end of each line,
rather than a newline. This option enables other programs to parse the
@@ -741,3 +741,3 @@
* Special built-in utilities:: @command{break}, @command{:}, @dots{}
-* Standards conformance:: Conformance to the @acronym{POSIX} standard.
+* Standards conformance:: Conformance to the POSIX standard.
@end menu
@@ -757,3 +757,3 @@
success. Failure is indicated by a nonzero value---typically
-@samp{1}, though it may differ on unusual platforms as @acronym{POSIX}
+@samp{1}, though it may differ on unusual platforms as POSIX
requires only that it be nonzero.
@@ -949,3 +949,3 @@
@samp{k} and the ISO/IEC 80000-13 prefix is @samp{Ki}, but tradition and
-@acronym{POSIX} use @samp{k} to mean @samp{KiB}.
+POSIX use @samp{k} to mean @samp{KiB}.
@item MB
@@ -1049,3 +1049,3 @@
@samp{SIG}@. The case of the letters is ignored. The following signal names
-and numbers are supported on all @acronym{POSIX} compliant systems:
+and numbers are supported on all POSIX compliant systems:
@@ -1070,3 +1070,3 @@
Other supported signal names have system-dependent corresponding
-numbers. All systems conforming to @acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 also
+numbers. All systems conforming to POSIX 1003.1-2001 also
support the following signals:
@@ -1105,3 +1105,3 @@
@noindent
-@acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 systems that support the @acronym{XSI} extension
+POSIX 1003.1-2001 systems that support the XSI extension
also support the following signals:
@@ -1126,3 +1126,3 @@
@noindent
-@acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 systems that support the @acronym{XRT} extension
+POSIX 1003.1-2001 systems that support the XRT extension
also support at least eight real-time signals called @samp{RTMIN},
@@ -1144,3 +1144,3 @@
Should the command interpret it as a user name or as an ID@?
-@acronym{POSIX} requires that @command{chown} and @command{chgrp}
+POSIX requires that @command{chown} and @command{chgrp}
first attempt to resolve the specified string as a name, and
@@ -1318,3 +1318,3 @@
the symbolic link. Although it may seem surprising that such behavior
-be the default, it is required by @acronym{POSIX} and is consistent with
+be the default, it is required by POSIX and is consistent with
other parts of that standard.
@@ -1394,3 +1394,3 @@
more quickly, and hence damage more files before an alert user can
-interrupt them. Tradition and @acronym{POSIX} require these commands
+interrupt them. Tradition and POSIX require these commands
to operate recursively on @file{/}, so they default to
@@ -1416,3 +1416,3 @@
Here is a list of the special built-in utilities that are standardized
-by @acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2004.
+by POSIX 1003.1-2004.
@@ -1437,11 +1437,11 @@
In a few cases, the @sc{gnu} utilities' default behavior is
-incompatible with the @acronym{POSIX} standard. To suppress these
+incompatible with the POSIX standard. To suppress these
incompatibilities, define the @env{POSIXLY_CORRECT} environment
-variable. Unless you are checking for @acronym{POSIX} conformance, you
+variable. Unless you are checking for POSIX conformance, you
probably do not need to define @env{POSIXLY_CORRECT}.
-Newer versions of @acronym{POSIX} are occasionally incompatible with older
-versions. For example, older versions of @acronym{POSIX} required the
+Newer versions of POSIX are occasionally incompatible with older
+versions. For example, older versions of POSIX required the
command @samp{sort +1} to sort based on the second and succeeding
-fields in each input line, but starting with @acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001
+fields in each input line, but starting with POSIX 1003.1-2001
the same command is required to sort the file named @file{+1}, and you
@@ -1451,5 +1451,5 @@
@vindex _POSIX2_VERSION
-The @sc{gnu} utilities normally conform to the version of @acronym{POSIX}
+The @sc{gnu} utilities normally conform to the version of POSIX
that is standard for your system. To cause them to conform to a
-different version of @acronym{POSIX}, define the @env{_POSIX2_VERSION}
+different version of POSIX, define the @env{_POSIX2_VERSION}
environment variable to a value of the form @var{yyyymm} specifying
@@ -1457,6 +1457,6 @@
supported for @env{_POSIX2_VERSION}: @samp{199209} stands for
-@acronym{POSIX} 1003.2-1992, @samp{200112} stands for @acronym{POSIX}
-1003.1-2001, and @samp{200809} stands for @acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2008.
+POSIX 1003.2-1992, @samp{200112} stands for POSIX
+1003.1-2001, and @samp{200809} stands for POSIX 1003.1-2008.
For example, if you have a newer system but are running software
-that assumes an older version of @acronym{POSIX} and uses @samp{sort +1}
+that assumes an older version of POSIX and uses @samp{sort +1}
or @samp{tail +10}, you can work around any compatibility problems by setting
@@ -1548,3 +1548,3 @@
@opindex -u
-Ignored; for @acronym{POSIX} compatibility.
+Ignored; for POSIX compatibility.
@@ -1881,4 +1881,4 @@
Instead of the normal output, output only @dfn{string constants}: at
-least @var{bytes} consecutive @acronym{ASCII} graphic characters,
-followed by a zero byte (@acronym{ASCII} @sc{nul}).
+least @var{bytes} consecutive ASCII graphic characters,
+followed by a zero byte (ASCII @sc{nul}).
Prefixes and suffixes on @var{bytes} are interpreted as for the
@@ -1900,3 +1900,3 @@
Adding a trailing ``z'' to any type specification appends a display
-of the @acronym{ASCII} character representation of the printable characters
+of the ASCII character representation of the printable characters
to the output line generated by the type specification.
@@ -1907,3 +1907,3 @@
@item c
-@acronym{ASCII} character or backslash escape,
+ASCII character or backslash escape,
@item d
@@ -1995,3 +1995,3 @@
@opindex -c
-Output as @acronym{ASCII} characters or backslash escapes. Equivalent to
+Output as ASCII characters or backslash escapes. Equivalent to
@samp{-t c}.
@@ -2055,3 +2055,3 @@
into (or from) base64 encoded form. The base64 encoded form uses
-printable @acronym{ASCII} characters to represent binary data.
+printable ASCII characters to represent binary data.
Synopses:
@@ -2347,3 +2347,3 @@
but if the @env{POSIXLY_CORRECT} environment variable is set
-and the @env{LC_TIME} locale category specifies the @acronym{POSIX}
+and the @env{LC_TIME} locale category specifies the POSIX
locale, the default is @samp{%b %e %H:%M %Y} (for example,
@@ -2404,3 +2404,3 @@
(together with @option{-W} and @option{--sep-string})
-to disentangle the old (@acronym{POSIX}-compliant) options @option{-w} and
+to disentangle the old (POSIX-compliant) options @option{-w} and
@option{-s} along with the three column options.
@@ -2450,3 +2450,3 @@
by @option{-o} option. With multicolumn output priority is given to
-@samp{equal width of output columns} (a @acronym{POSIX} specification).
+@samp{equal width of output columns} (a POSIX specification).
The TAB width is fixed to the value of the first column and does
@@ -2491,3 +2491,3 @@
three column options (@option{-COLUMN}|@option{-a -COLUMN}|@option{-m}) unless
-@option{-w} is set. This is a @acronym{POSIX}-compliant formulation.
+@option{-w} is set. This is a POSIX-compliant formulation.
@@ -2541,3 +2541,3 @@
set. No @var{page_width} setting is possible with single column output.
-A @acronym{POSIX}-compliant formulation.
+A POSIX-compliant formulation.
@@ -2933,3 +2933,3 @@
Even if your script assumes the standard behavior, you should still
-beware usages whose behaviors differ depending on the @acronym{POSIX}
+beware usages whose behaviors differ depending on the POSIX
version. For example, avoid @samp{tail - main.c}, since it might be
@@ -3400,3 +3400,3 @@
on the inputs, so you should not depend on a particular field width.
-However, as a @acronym{GNU} extension, if only one count is printed,
+However, as a GNU extension, if only one count is printed,
it is guaranteed to be printed without leading spaces.
@@ -3462,3 +3462,3 @@
those named in file @var{file}; each name being terminated by a zero byte
-(@acronym{ASCII} @sc{nul}).
+(ASCII @sc{nul}).
This is useful \withTotalOption\
@@ -3469,6 +3469,6 @@
\subListOutput\ for each sublist rather than for the entire list.
-One way to produce a list of @acronym{ASCII} @sc{nul} terminated file
+One way to produce a list of ASCII @sc{nul} terminated file
names is with @sc{gnu}
@command{find}, using its @option{-print0} predicate.
-If @var{file} is @samp{-} then the @acronym{ASCII} @sc{nul} terminated
+If @var{file} is @samp{-} then the ASCII @sc{nul} terminated
file names are read from standard input.
@@ -3565,3 +3565,3 @@
-The CRC algorithm is specified by the @acronym{POSIX} standard. It is not
+The CRC algorithm is specified by the POSIX standard. It is not
compatible with the BSD or System V @command{sum} algorithms (see the
@@ -3626,3 +3626,3 @@
outputting a @samp{*} flag. This is the inverse of @option{--text}.
-On systems like @acronym{GNU} that do not distinguish between binary
+On systems like GNU that do not distinguish between binary
and text files, this option merely flags each input mode as binary:
@@ -3684,3 +3684,3 @@
outputting a @samp{ } flag. This is the inverse of @option{--binary}.
-This option is the default on systems like @acronym{GNU} that do not
+This option is the default on systems like GNU that do not
distinguish between binary and text files. On other systems, it is
@@ -3861,3 +3861,3 @@
sequence specified by the @env{LC_COLLATE} locale.@footnote{If you
-use a non-@acronym{POSIX} locale (e.g., by setting @env{LC_ALL}
+use a non-POSIX locale (e.g., by setting @env{LC_ALL}
to @samp{en_US}), then @command{sort} may produce output that is sorted
@@ -3896,3 +3896,3 @@
lines; otherwise the global options are inherited by key fields that do
-not specify any special options of their own. In pre-@acronym{POSIX}
+not specify any special options of their own. In pre-POSIX
versions of @command{sort}, global options affect only later key fields,
@@ -3924,3 +3924,3 @@
letters, digits and blanks when sorting.
-By default letters and digits are those of @acronym{ASCII} and a blank
+By default letters and digits are those of ASCII and a blank
is a space or a tab, but the @env{LC_CTYPE} locale can change this.
@@ -3982,6 +3982,6 @@
Sort numerically, first by numeric sign (negative, zero, or positive);
-then by @acronym{SI} suffix (either empty, or @samp{k} or @samp{K}, or
+then by SI suffix (either empty, or @samp{k} or @samp{K}, or
one of @samp{MGTPEZY}, in that order; @pxref{Block size}); and finally
by numeric value. For example, @samp{1023M} sorts before @samp{1G}
-because @samp{M} (mega) precedes @samp{G} (giga) as an @acronym{SI}
+because @samp{M} (mega) precedes @samp{G} (giga) as an SI
suffix. This option sorts values that are consistently scaled to the
@@ -3992,3 +3992,3 @@
The syntax for numbers is the same as for the @option{--numeric-sort}
-option; the @acronym{SI} suffix must immediately follow the number.
+option; the SI suffix must immediately follow the number.
@@ -4237,3 +4237,3 @@
-To specify @acronym{ASCII} @sc{nul} as the field separator,
+To specify ASCII @sc{nul} as the field separator,
use the two-character string @samp{\0}, e.g., @samp{sort -t '\0'}.
@@ -4286,5 +4286,5 @@
@cindex process zero-terminated items
-Delimit items with a zero byte rather than a newline (@acronym{ASCII} @sc{lf}).
-I.e., treat input as items separated by @acronym{ASCII} @sc{nul}
-and terminate output items with @acronym{ASCII} @sc{nul}.
+Delimit items with a zero byte rather than a newline (ASCII @sc{lf}).
+I.e., treat input as items separated by ASCII @sc{nul}
+and terminate output items with ASCII @sc{nul}.
This option can be useful in conjunction with @samp{perl -0} or
@@ -4301,5 +4301,5 @@
@option{-b}, @option{-f}, and @option{-n}.
-@sc{gnu} sort follows the @acronym{POSIX}
+@sc{gnu} sort follows the POSIX
behavior, which is usually (but not always!) like the System V behavior.
-According to @acronym{POSIX}, @option{-n} no longer implies @option{-b}. For
+According to POSIX, @option{-n} no longer implies @option{-b}. For
consistency, @option{-M} has been changed in the same way. This may
@@ -4478,3 +4478,3 @@
@item
-Use the common @acronym{DSU, Decorate Sort Undecorate} idiom to
+Use the common ``decorate sort undecorate'' (DSU) idiom to
sort lines according to their length.
@@ -4738,3 +4738,3 @@
With @option{--zero-terminated} (@option{-z}), use a zero
-byte (@acronym{ASCII} @sc{nul}) instead of a newline.
+byte (ASCII @sc{nul}) instead of a newline.
@@ -4743,3 +4743,3 @@
With @option{--zero-terminated} (@option{-z}), use a zero
-byte (@acronym{ASCII} @sc{nul}) instead of a newline.
+byte (ASCII @sc{nul}) instead of a newline.
This is the same as using @samp{prepend}, except that
@@ -4949,6 +4949,6 @@
As it is set up now, the program assumes that the input file is coded
-using 8-bit @acronym{ISO} 8859-1 code, also known as Latin-1 character set,
+using 8-bit ISO 8859-1 code, also known as Latin-1 character set,
@emph{unless} it is compiled for MS-DOS, in which case it uses the
character set of the IBM-PC@. (@sc{gnu} @command{ptx} is not known to work on
-smaller MS-DOS machines anymore.) Compared to 7-bit @acronym{ASCII}, the set
+smaller MS-DOS machines anymore.) Compared to 7-bit ASCII, the set
of characters which are letters is different; this alters the behavior
@@ -5237,3 +5237,3 @@
as possible. The other non-graphical characters, like newline and tab,
-and all other characters which are not part of @acronym{ASCII}, are merely
+and all other characters which are not part of ASCII, are merely
changed to exactly one space, with no special attempt to compress
@@ -5291,3 +5291,3 @@
@item
-All 256 bytes, even @acronym{ASCII} @sc{nul} bytes, are always read and
+All 256 bytes, even ASCII @sc{nul} bytes, are always read and
processed from input file with no adverse effect, even if @sc{gnu} extensions
@@ -5597,3 +5597,3 @@
@opindex --complement
-This option is a @acronym{GNU} extension.
+This option is a GNU extension.
Select for printing the complement of the bytes, characters or fields
@@ -5713,3 +5713,3 @@
-If the input has no unpairable lines, a @acronym{GNU} extension is
+If the input has no unpairable lines, a GNU extension is
available; the sort order can be any order that considers two fields
@@ -5815,3 +5815,3 @@
if there are unpairable lines in both files.
-To give @command{join} that functionality, @acronym{POSIX} invented the @samp{0}
+To give @command{join} that functionality, POSIX invented the @samp{0}
field specification notation.
@@ -5833,3 +5833,3 @@
the whole line is considered, matching the default operation of sort.
-If @samp{-t '\0'} is specified then the @acronym{ASCII} @sc{nul}
+If @samp{-t '\0'} is specified then the ASCII @sc{nul}
character is used to delimit the fields.
@@ -5974,6 +5974,6 @@
Many historically common and even accepted uses of ranges are not
-portable. For example, on @acronym{EBCDIC} hosts using the @samp{A-Z}
+portable. For example, on EBCDIC hosts using the @samp{A-Z}
range will not do what most would expect because @samp{A} through @samp{Z}
-are not contiguous as they are in @acronym{ASCII}@.
-If you can rely on a @acronym{POSIX} compliant version of @command{tr}, then
+are not contiguous as they are in ASCII@.
+If you can rely on a POSIX compliant version of @command{tr}, then
the best way to work around this is to use character classes (see below).
@@ -6097,3 +6097,3 @@
On the other hand, making @var{set1} longer than @var{set2} is not
-portable; @acronym{POSIX} says that the result is undefined. In this situation,
+portable; POSIX says that the result is undefined. In this situation,
BSD @command{tr} pads @var{set2} to the length of @var{set1} by repeating
@@ -6122,3 +6122,3 @@
it assumes that the octal code for newline is 012.
-Assuming a @acronym{POSIX} compliant @command{tr}, here is a better
+Assuming a POSIX compliant @command{tr}, here is a better
way to write it:
@@ -6300,3 +6300,3 @@
standard output, converting blanks at the beginning of each line into
-as many tab characters as needed. In the default @acronym{POSIX}
+as many tab characters as needed. In the default POSIX
locale, a @dfn{blank} is a space or a tab; other locales may specify
@@ -6379,3 +6379,3 @@
By default, the output is sorted alphabetically, according to the locale
-settings in effect.@footnote{If you use a non-@acronym{POSIX}
+settings in effect.@footnote{If you use a non-POSIX
locale (e.g., by setting @env{LC_ALL} to @samp{en_US}), then @command{ls} may
@@ -6862,3 +6862,3 @@
it outputs. By default, sorting is done by character code
-(e.g., @acronym{ASCII} order).
+(e.g., ASCII order).
@@ -7174,3 +7174,3 @@
do not properly align columns to the right of a TAB following a
-non-@acronym{ASCII} byte. If you use such a terminal emulator, use the
+non-ASCII byte. If you use such a terminal emulator, use the
@option{-T0} option or put @code{TABSIZE=0} in your environment to tell
@@ -7237,3 +7237,3 @@
@item full-iso
-List timestamps in full using @acronym{ISO} 8601 date, time, and time zone
+List timestamps in full using ISO 8601 date, time, and time zone
format with nanosecond precision, e.g., @samp{2002-03-30
@@ -7244,3 +7244,3 @@
is available from the operating system. For example, this can help
-explain @command{make}'s behavior, since @acronym{GNU} @command{make}
+explain @command{make}'s behavior, since GNU @command{make}
uses the full timestamp to determine whether a file is out of date.
@@ -7248,3 +7248,3 @@
@item long-iso
-List @acronym{ISO} 8601 date and time in minutes, e.g.,
+List ISO 8601 date and time in minutes, e.g.,
@samp{2002-03-30 23:45}. These timestamps are shorter than
@@ -7254,4 +7254,4 @@
@item iso
-List @acronym{ISO} 8601 dates for non-recent timestamps (e.g.,
-@samp{2002-03-30@ }), and @acronym{ISO} 8601 month, day, hour, and
+List ISO 8601 dates for non-recent timestamps (e.g.,
+@samp{2002-03-30@ }), and ISO 8601 month, day, hour, and
minute for recent timestamps (e.g., @samp{03-30 23:45}). These
@@ -7279,3 +7279,3 @@
The @env{LC_TIME} locale category specifies the timestamp format. The
-default @acronym{POSIX} locale uses timestamps like @samp{Mar 30@
+default POSIX locale uses timestamps like @samp{Mar 30@
@ 2002} and @samp{Mar 30 23:45}; in this locale, the following two
@@ -7298,7 +7298,7 @@
@vindex LC_TIME
-List @acronym{POSIX}-locale timestamps if the @env{LC_TIME} locale
-category is @acronym{POSIX}, @var{style} timestamps otherwise. For
+List POSIX-locale timestamps if the @env{LC_TIME} locale
+category is POSIX, @var{style} timestamps otherwise. For
example, the @samp{posix-long-iso} style lists
timestamps like @samp{Mar 30@ @ 2002} and @samp{Mar 30 23:45} when in
-the @acronym{POSIX} locale, and like @samp{2002-03-30 23:45} otherwise.
+the POSIX locale, and like @samp{2002-03-30 23:45} otherwise.
@end table
@@ -7309,6 +7309,6 @@
with the environment variable @env{TIME_STYLE}; if @env{TIME_STYLE} is not set
-the default style is @samp{locale}. @acronym{GNU} Emacs 21.3 and
+the default style is @samp{locale}. GNU Emacs 21.3 and
later use the @option{--dired} option and therefore can parse any date
format, but if you are using Emacs 21.1 or 21.2 and specify a
-non-@acronym{POSIX} locale you may need to set
+non-POSIX locale you may need to set
@samp{TIME_STYLE="posix-long-iso"}.
@@ -7378,3 +7378,3 @@
cause ambiguous output.
-The quoting is suitable for @acronym{POSIX}-compatible shells like
+The quoting is suitable for POSIX-compatible shells like
@command{bash}, but it does not always work for incompatible shells
@@ -7589,3 +7589,3 @@
is inherently dangerous. This behavior is contrary to historical
-practice and to @acronym{POSIX}@.
+practice and to POSIX@.
Set @env{POSIXLY_CORRECT} to make @command{cp} attempt to create
@@ -7857,3 +7857,3 @@
Also, it is not portable to use @option{-R} to copy symbolic links
-unless you also specify @option{-P}, as @acronym{POSIX} allows
+unless you also specify @option{-P}, as POSIX allows
implementations that dereference symbolic links by default.
@@ -8092,4 +8092,4 @@
@opindex ascii <at> r{, converting to}
-Convert @acronym{EBCDIC} to @acronym{ASCII},
-using the conversion table specified by @acronym{POSIX}@.
+Convert EBCDIC to ASCII,
+using the conversion table specified by POSIX@.
This provides a 1:1 translation for all 256 bytes.
@@ -8098,3 +8098,3 @@
@opindex ebcdic <at> r{, converting to}
-Convert @acronym{ASCII} to @acronym{EBCDIC}@.
+Convert ASCII to EBCDIC@.
This is the inverse of the @samp{ascii} conversion.
@@ -8103,4 +8103,4 @@
@opindex alternate ebcdic <at> r{, converting to}
-Convert @acronym{ASCII} to alternate @acronym{EBCDIC},
-using the alternate conversion table specified by @acronym{POSIX}@.
+Convert ASCII to alternate EBCDIC,
+using the alternate conversion table specified by POSIX@.
This is not a 1:1 translation, but reflects common historical practice
@@ -8155,3 +8155,3 @@
@item sync
-@opindex sync @r{(padding with @acronym{ASCII} @sc{nul}s)}
+@opindex sync @r{(padding with ASCII @sc{nul}s)}
Pad every input block to size of @samp{ibs} with trailing zero bytes.
@@ -8232,3 +8232,3 @@
Use concurrent I/O mode for data. This mode performs direct I/O
-and drops the @acronym{POSIX} requirement to serialize all I/O to the same file.
+and drops the POSIX requirement to serialize all I/O to the same file.
A file cannot be opened in CIO mode and with a standard open at the
@@ -8308,3 +8308,3 @@
This has no effect when the file is not a terminal.
-On many hosts (e.g., @acronym{GNU}/Linux hosts), this option has no effect
+On many hosts (e.g., GNU/Linux hosts), this option has no effect
at all.
@@ -8943,3 +8943,3 @@
@cite{Secure Deletion of Data from Magnetic and Solid-State Memory}},
-from the proceedings of the Sixth @acronym{USENIX} Security Symposium (San Jose,
+from the proceedings of the Sixth USENIX Security Symposium (San Jose,
California, July 22--25, 1996).
@@ -9197,6 +9197,6 @@
-On a @acronym{GNU} system, this command acts like @samp{ln --directory
+On a GNU system, this command acts like @samp{ln --directory
--no-target-directory @var{filename} @var{linkname}}. However, the
@option{--directory} and @option{--no-target-directory} options are
-not specified by @acronym{POSIX}, and the @command{link} command is
+not specified by POSIX, and the @command{link} command is
more portable in practice.
@@ -9267,3 +9267,3 @@
other utilities). Hard links cannot cross file system boundaries. (These
-restrictions are not mandated by @acronym{POSIX}, however.)
+restrictions are not mandated by POSIX, however.)
@@ -9488,3 +9488,3 @@
Normally the directory has the desired file mode bits at the moment it
-is created. As a @acronym{GNU} extension, @var{mode} may also mention
+is created. As a GNU extension, @var{mode} may also mention
special mode bits, but in this case there may be a temporary window
@@ -9924,4 +9924,4 @@
Some older scripts may still use @samp{.} in place of the @samp{:} separator.
-@acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 (@pxref{Standards conformance}) does not
-require support for that, but for backward compatibility @acronym{GNU}
+POSIX 1003.1-2001 (@pxref{Standards conformance}) does not
+require support for that, but for backward compatibility GNU
@command{chown} supports @samp{.} so long as no ambiguity results.
@@ -10422,3 +10422,3 @@
February 27, 2004 at 2:19:13 PM in a time zone that is 5 hours and 30
-minutes east of @acronym{UTC}@. @xref{Date input formats}.
+minutes east of UTC@. @xref{Date input formats}.
File systems that do not support high-resolution time stamps
@@ -10442,3 +10442,3 @@
timestamps of symlinks, since underlying system support for this
-action was not required until @acronym{POSIX} 2008. Also, on some
+action was not required until POSIX 2008. Also, on some
systems, the mere act of examining a symbolic link changes the access
@@ -10626,6 +10626,6 @@
@cindex one-line output format
-@cindex @acronym{POSIX} output format
+@cindex POSIX output format
@cindex portable output format
@cindex output format, portable
-Use the @acronym{POSIX} output format. This is like the default format except
+Use the POSIX output format. This is like the default format except
for the following:
@@ -10640,3 +10640,3 @@
@item
-The labels in the header output line are changed to conform to @acronym{POSIX}.
+The labels in the header output line are changed to conform to POSIX.
@@ -10682,4 +10682,4 @@
@item nfs
-@cindex @acronym{NFS} file system type
-An @acronym{NFS} file system, i.e., one mounted over a network from another
+@cindex NFS file system type
+An NFS file system, i.e., one mounted over a network from another
machine. This is the one type name which seems to be used uniformly by
@@ -10944,3 +10944,3 @@
@item full-iso
-List timestamps in full using @acronym{ISO} 8601 date, time, and time zone
+List timestamps in full using ISO 8601 date, time, and time zone
format with nanosecond precision, e.g., @samp{2002-03-30
@@ -10950,3 +10950,3 @@
@item long-iso
-List @acronym{ISO} 8601 date and time in minutes, e.g.,
+List ISO 8601 date and time in minutes, e.g.,
@samp{2002-03-30 23:45}. These timestamps are shorter than
@@ -10956,3 +10956,3 @@
@item iso
-List @acronym{ISO} 8601 dates for timestamps, e.g., @samp{2002-03-30}.
+List ISO 8601 dates for timestamps, e.g., @samp{2002-03-30}.
This style is equivalent to @samp{+%Y-%m-%d}.
@@ -11382,3 +11382,3 @@
-@acronym{POSIX} does not require support for any options, and says
+POSIX does not require support for any options, and says
that the behavior of @command{echo} is implementation-defined if any
@@ -11458,4 +11458,4 @@
warning is printed. For example, @samp{printf "%d" "'a"} outputs
-@samp{97} on hosts that use the @acronym{ASCII} character set, since
-@samp{a} has the numeric value 97 in @acronym{ASCII}.
+@samp{97} on hosts that use the ASCII character set, since
+@samp{a} has the numeric value 97 in ASCII.
@@ -11487,4 +11487,4 @@
@command{printf} interprets two character syntaxes introduced in
-@acronym{ISO} C 99:
-@samp{\u} for 16-bit Unicode (@acronym{ISO}/@acronym{IEC} 10646)
+ISO C 99:
+@samp{\u} for 16-bit Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646)
characters, specified as
@@ -11515,3 +11515,3 @@
will be output correctly in all locales supporting the Euro symbol
-(@acronym{ISO}-8859-15, UTF-8, and others). Similarly, a Chinese string
+(ISO-8859-15, UTF-8, and others). Similarly, a Chinese string
@@ -11529,3 +11529,3 @@
For larger strings, you don't need to look up the hexadecimal code
-values of each character one by one. @acronym{ASCII} characters mixed with \u
+values of each character one by one. ASCII characters mixed with \u
escape sequences is also known as the JAVA source file encoding. You can
@@ -11611,3 +11611,3 @@
@command{false} is 1, as it is greater than 1 on some
-non-@acronym{GNU} hosts.
+non-GNU hosts.
@@ -12087,3 +12087,3 @@
alternatives. SunOS and other @command{expr}'s treat these as regular
-characters. (@acronym{POSIX} allows either behavior.)
+characters. (POSIX allows either behavior.)
@xref{Top, , Regular Expression Library, regex, Regex}, for details of
@@ -12119,3 +12119,3 @@
the value of @var{$x} happens to be (for example) @code{/} or @code{index}.
-This operator is a @acronym{GNU} extension. Portable shell scripts should use
+This operator is a GNU extension. Portable shell scripts should use
@code{@w{" $token"} : @w{' \(.*\)'}} instead of @code{+ "$token"}.
@@ -12466,4 +12466,4 @@
-@acronym{POSIX} allows the implementation to define the results if
-@var{name} is empty or @samp{//}. In the former case, @acronym{GNU}
+POSIX allows the implementation to define the results if
+@var{name} is empty or @samp{//}. In the former case, GNU
@command{basename} returns the empty string. In the latter case, the
@@ -12542,4 +12542,4 @@
-@acronym{POSIX} allows the implementation to define the results if
-@var{name} is @samp{//}. With @acronym{GNU} @command{dirname}, the
+POSIX allows the implementation to define the results if
+@var{name} is @samp{//}. With GNU @command{dirname}, the
result is @samp{//} on platforms where @var{//} is distinct from
@@ -12623,3 +12623,3 @@
@item
-A file name contains a character outside the @acronym{POSIX} portable file
+A file name contains a character outside the POSIX portable file
name character set, namely, the ASCII letters and digits, @samp{.},
@@ -12629,3 +12629,3 @@
The length of a file name or one of its components exceeds the
-@acronym{POSIX} minimum limits for portability.
+POSIX minimum limits for portability.
@end enumerate
@@ -12639,3 +12639,3 @@
@opindex --portability
-Print an error message if a file name is not portable to all @acronym{POSIX}
+Print an error message if a file name is not portable to all POSIX
hosts. This option is equivalent to @samp{-p -P}.
@@ -13051,4 +13051,4 @@
the tty line connected to standard input. This option is necessary
-because opening a @acronym{POSIX} tty requires use of the
-@code{O_NONDELAY} flag to prevent a @acronym{POSIX} tty from blocking
+because opening a POSIX tty requires use of the
+@code{O_NONDELAY} flag to prevent a POSIX tty from blocking
until the carrier detect line is high if
@@ -13074,5 +13074,5 @@
-Some settings are not available on all @acronym{POSIX} systems, since they use
+Some settings are not available on all POSIX systems, since they use
extensions. Such arguments are marked below with
-``Non-@acronym{POSIX}'' in their description. On non-@acronym{POSIX}
+``Non-POSIX'' in their description. On non-POSIX
systems, those or other settings also may not
@@ -13147,3 +13147,3 @@
@cindex RTS/CTS flow control
-Enable RTS/CTS flow control. Non-@acronym{POSIX}@. May be negated.
+Enable RTS/CTS flow control. Non-POSIX@. May be negated.
@end table
@@ -13227,3 +13227,3 @@
@cindex uppercase, translating to lowercase
-Translate uppercase characters to lowercase. Non-@acronym{POSIX}@. May be
+Translate uppercase characters to lowercase. Non-POSIX@. May be
negated. Note ilcuc is not implemented, as one would not be able to issue
@@ -13234,3 +13234,3 @@
Allow any character to restart output (only the start character
-if negated). Non-@acronym{POSIX}@. May be negated.
+if negated). Non-POSIX@. May be negated.
@@ -13240,3 +13240,3 @@
Enable beeping and not flushing input buffer if a character arrives
-when the input buffer is full. Non-@acronym{POSIX}@. May be negated.
+when the input buffer is full. Non-POSIX@. May be negated.
@end table
@@ -13258,3 +13258,3 @@
@cindex lowercase, translating to output
-Translate lowercase characters to uppercase. Non-@acronym{POSIX}@. May be
+Translate lowercase characters to uppercase. Non-POSIX@. May be
negated. (Note ouclc is not currently implemented.)
@@ -13264,3 +13264,3 @@
@cindex return, translating to newline
-Translate carriage return to newline. Non-@acronym{POSIX}@. May be negated.
+Translate carriage return to newline. Non-POSIX@. May be negated.
@@ -13269,3 +13269,3 @@
@cindex newline, translating to crlf
-Translate newline to carriage return-newline. Non-@acronym{POSIX}@. May be
+Translate newline to carriage return-newline. Non-POSIX@. May be
negated.
@@ -13274,3 +13274,3 @@
@opindex onocr
-Do not print carriage returns in the first column. Non-@acronym{POSIX}@.
+Do not print carriage returns in the first column. Non-POSIX@.
May be negated.
@@ -13279,3 +13279,3 @@
@opindex onlret
-Newline performs a carriage return. Non-@acronym{POSIX}@. May be negated.
+Newline performs a carriage return. Non-POSIX@. May be negated.
@@ -13285,3 +13285,3 @@
Use fill (padding) characters instead of timing for delays.
-Non-@acronym{POSIX}@.
+Non-POSIX@.
May be negated.
@@ -13291,4 +13291,4 @@
@cindex pad character
-Use @acronym{ASCII} @sc{del} characters for fill instead of
-@acronym{ASCII} @sc{nul} characters. Non-@acronym{POSIX}@.
+Use ASCII @sc{del} characters for fill instead of
+ASCII @sc{nul} characters. Non-POSIX@.
May be negated.
@@ -13298,3 +13298,3 @@
@opindex nl <at> var{n}
-Newline delay style. Non-@acronym{POSIX}.
+Newline delay style. Non-POSIX.
@@ -13305,3 +13305,3 @@
@opindex cr <at> var{n}
-Carriage return delay style. Non-@acronym{POSIX}.
+Carriage return delay style. Non-POSIX.
@@ -13312,3 +13312,3 @@
@opindex tab <at> var{n}
-Horizontal tab delay style. Non-@acronym{POSIX}.
+Horizontal tab delay style. Non-POSIX.
@@ -13317,3 +13317,3 @@
@opindex bs <at> var{n}
-Backspace delay style. Non-@acronym{POSIX}.
+Backspace delay style. Non-POSIX.
@@ -13322,3 +13322,3 @@
@opindex vt <at> var{n}
-Vertical tab delay style. Non-@acronym{POSIX}.
+Vertical tab delay style. Non-POSIX.
@@ -13327,3 +13327,3 @@
@opindex ff <at> var{n}
-Form feed delay style. Non-@acronym{POSIX}.
+Form feed delay style. Non-POSIX.
@end table
@@ -13349,3 +13349,3 @@
@opindex iexten
-Enable non-@acronym{POSIX} special characters. May be negated.
+Enable non-POSIX special characters. May be negated.
@@ -13383,3 +13383,3 @@
lowercase equivalents with @samp{\}, when @code{icanon} is set.
-Non-@acronym{POSIX}@. May be negated.
+Non-POSIX@. May be negated.
@@ -13388,3 +13388,3 @@
@cindex background jobs, stopping at terminal write
-Stop background jobs that try to write to the terminal. Non-@acronym{POSIX}@.
+Stop background jobs that try to write to the terminal. Non-POSIX@.
May be negated.
@@ -13396,3 +13396,3 @@
Echo erased characters backward, between @samp{\} and @samp{/}.
-Non-@acronym{POSIX}@. May be negated.
+Non-POSIX@. May be negated.
@@ -13405,3 +13405,3 @@
Echo control characters in hat notation (@samp{^@var{c}}) instead
-of literally. Non-@acronym{POSIX}@. May be negated.
+of literally. Non-POSIX@. May be negated.
@@ -13414,3 +13414,3 @@
instead of by the @code{echoctl} and @code{echok} settings.
-Non-@acronym{POSIX}@.
+Non-POSIX@.
May be negated.
@@ -13502,3 +13502,3 @@
@opindex decctlq
-Same as @option{-ixany}. Non-@acronym{POSIX}@. May be negated.
+Same as @option{-ixany}. Non-POSIX@. May be negated.
@@ -13506,3 +13506,3 @@
@opindex tabs
-Same as @code{tab0}. Non-@acronym{POSIX}@. May be negated. If negated, same
+Same as @code{tab0}. Non-POSIX@. May be negated. If negated, same
as @code{tab3}.
@@ -13513,3 +13513,3 @@
@opindex LCASE
-Same as @code{xcase iuclc olcuc}. Non-@acronym{POSIX}@. May be negated.
+Same as @code{xcase iuclc olcuc}. Non-POSIX@. May be negated.
(Used for terminals with uppercase characters only.)
@@ -13575,3 +13575,3 @@
@opindex eol2
-Alternate character to end the line. Non-@acronym{POSIX}.
+Alternate character to end the line. Non-POSIX.
@@ -13579,3 +13579,3 @@
@opindex swtch
-Switch to a different shell layer. Non-@acronym{POSIX}.
+Switch to a different shell layer. Non-POSIX.
@@ -13595,3 +13595,3 @@
@opindex dsusp
-Send a terminal stop signal after flushing the input. Non-@acronym{POSIX}.
+Send a terminal stop signal after flushing the input. Non-POSIX.
@@ -13599,3 +13599,3 @@
@opindex rprnt
-Redraw the current line. Non-@acronym{POSIX}.
+Redraw the current line. Non-POSIX.
@@ -13603,3 +13603,3 @@
@opindex werase
-Erase the last word typed. Non-@acronym{POSIX}.
+Erase the last word typed. Non-POSIX.
@@ -13608,3 +13608,3 @@
Enter the next character typed literally, even if it is a special
-character. Non-@acronym{POSIX}.
+character. Non-POSIX.
@end table
@@ -13639,3 +13639,3 @@
Tell the tty kernel driver that the terminal has @var{n} rows.
-Non-@acronym{POSIX}.
+Non-POSIX.
@@ -13645,3 +13645,3 @@
@opindex columns
-Tell the kernel that the terminal has @var{n} columns. Non-@acronym{POSIX}.
+Tell the kernel that the terminal has @var{n} columns. Non-POSIX.
@@ -13655,3 +13655,3 @@
instead; however, GNU @command{stty} does not know anything about them.)
-Non-@acronym{POSIX}.
+Non-POSIX.
@@ -13659,3 +13659,3 @@
@opindex line
-Use line discipline @var{n}. Non-@acronym{POSIX}.
+Use line discipline @var{n}. Non-POSIX.
@@ -14205,6 +14205,6 @@
hour, space padded (@samp{ 0}@dots{}@samp{23}); equivalent to @samp{%_H}@.
-This is a @acronym{GNU} extension.
+This is a GNU extension.
@item %l
hour, space padded (@samp{ 1}@dots{}@samp{12}); equivalent to @samp{%_I}@.
-This is a @acronym{GNU} extension.
+This is a GNU extension.
@item %M
@@ -14213,3 +14213,3 @@
nanoseconds (@samp{000000000}@dots{}@samp{999999999}).
-This is a @acronym{GNU} extension.
+This is a GNU extension.
@item %p
@@ -14220,3 +14220,3 @@
like @samp{%p}, except lower case.
-This is a @acronym{GNU} extension.
+This is a GNU extension.
@item %r
@@ -14233,3 +14233,3 @@
@xref{%s-examples}, for examples.
-This is a @acronym{GNU} extension.
+This is a GNU extension.
@item %S
@@ -14243,3 +14243,3 @@
@item %z
-@w{@acronym{RFC} 2822/@acronym{ISO} 8601} style numeric time zone
+@w{RFC 2822/ISO 8601} style numeric time zone
(e.g., @samp{-0600} or @samp{+0530}), or nothing if no
@@ -14251,6 +14251,6 @@
@item %:z
-@w{@acronym{RFC} 3339/@acronym{ISO} 8601} style numeric time zone with
+@w{RFC 3339/ISO 8601} style numeric time zone with
@samp{:} (e.g., @samp{-06:00} or @samp{+05:30}), or nothing if no time
zone is determinable.
-This is a @acronym{GNU} extension.
+This is a GNU extension.
@item %::z
@@ -14259,3 +14259,3 @@
determinable.
-This is a @acronym{GNU} extension.
+This is a GNU extension.
@item %:::z
@@ -14264,3 +14264,3 @@
no time zone is determinable.
-This is a @acronym{GNU} extension.
+This is a GNU extension.
@item %Z
@@ -14302,3 +14302,3 @@
@item %F
-full date in @acronym{ISO} 8601 format; same as @samp{%Y-%m-%d}.
+full date in ISO 8601 format; same as @samp{%Y-%m-%d}.
This is a good choice for a date format, as it is standard and
@@ -14307,5 +14307,5 @@
@item %g
-year corresponding to the @acronym{ISO} week number, but without the century
+year corresponding to the ISO week number, but without the century
(range @samp{00} through @samp{99}). This has the same format and value
-as @samp{%y}, except that if the @acronym{ISO} week number (see
+as @samp{%y}, except that if the ISO week number (see
@samp{%V}) belongs
@@ -14313,4 +14313,4 @@
@item %G
-year corresponding to the @acronym{ISO} week number. This has the
-same format and value as @samp{%Y}, except that if the @acronym{ISO}
+year corresponding to the ISO week number. This has the
+same format and value as @samp{%Y}, except that if the ISO
week number (see
@@ -14334,3 +14334,3 @@
@item %V
-@acronym{ISO} week number, that is, the
+ISO week number, that is, the
week number of year, with Monday as the first day of the week
@@ -14339,3 +14339,3 @@
the new year, then it is considered week 1; otherwise, it is week 53 of
-the previous year, and the next week is week 1. (See the @acronym{ISO} 8601
+the previous year, and the next week is week 1. (See the ISO 8601
standard.)
@@ -14389,3 +14389,3 @@
-As a @acronym{GNU} extension, @command{date} recognizes any of the
+As a GNU extension, @command{date} recognizes any of the
following optional flags after the @samp{%}:
@@ -14421,3 +14421,3 @@
-As a @acronym{GNU} extension, you can specify the field width
+As a GNU extension, you can specify the field width
(after any flag, if present) as a decimal number. If the natural size of the
@@ -14515,3 +14515,3 @@
489,392,193 nanoseconds after February 27, 2004 at 2:19:13 PM in a
-time zone that is 5 hours and 30 minutes east of @acronym{UTC}.@*
+time zone that is 5 hours and 30 minutes east of UTC.@*
Note: input currently must be in locale independent format. E.g., the
@@ -14537,3 +14537,3 @@
@opindex --iso-8601[=@var{timespec}]
-Display the date using the @acronym{ISO} 8601 format, @samp{%Y-%m-%d}.
+Display the date using the ISO 8601 format, @samp{%Y-%m-%d}.
@@ -14584,3 +14584,3 @@
@uref{ftp://ftp.rfc-editor.org/in-notes/rfc2822.txt, Internet
-@acronym{RFCs} 2822} and
+RFCs 2822} and
@uref{ftp://ftp.rfc-editor.org/in-notes/rfc822.txt, 822}, the
@@ -14592,6 +14592,6 @@
@uref{ftp://ftp.rfc-editor.org/in-notes/rfc3339.txt, Internet
-@acronym{RFC} 3339}. This is a subset of the @acronym{ISO} 8601
+RFC 3339}. This is a subset of the ISO 8601
format, except that it also permits applications to use a space rather
than a @samp{T} to separate dates from times. Unlike the other
-standard formats, @acronym{RFC} 3339 format is always suitable as
+standard formats, RFC 3339 format is always suitable as
input for the @option{--date} (@option{-d}) and @option{--file}
@@ -14611,3 +14611,3 @@
time-offset; here the @samp{+05:30} means that local time is five
-hours and thirty minutes east of @acronym{UTC}@. This is equivalent to
+hours and thirty minutes east of UTC@. This is equivalent to
the format @samp{%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S%:z}.
@@ -14640,3 +14640,3 @@
@vindex TZ
-Use Coordinated Universal Time (@acronym{UTC}) by operating as if the
+Use Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) by operating as if the
@env{TZ} environment variable were set to the string @samp{UTC0}.
@@ -14694,3 +14694,3 @@
To print a date without the leading zero for one-digit days
-of the month, you can use the (@acronym{GNU} extension)
+of the month, you can use the (GNU extension)
@samp{-} flag to suppress
@@ -14704,3 +14704,3 @@
To print the current date and time in the format required by many
-non-@acronym{GNU} versions of @command{date} when setting the system clock:
+non-GNU versions of @command{date} when setting the system clock:
@@ -14718,3 +14718,3 @@
@item
-To print the date in @acronym{RFC} 2822 format,
+To print the date in RFC 2822 format,
use @samp{date --rfc-2822}. Here is some example output:
@@ -14995,5 +14995,5 @@
Print the kernel name.
-@acronym{POSIX} 1003.1-2001 (@pxref{Standards conformance}) calls this
+POSIX 1003.1-2001 (@pxref{Standards conformance}) calls this
``the implementation of the operating system'', because the
-@acronym{POSIX} specification itself has no notion of ``kernel''.
+POSIX specification itself has no notion of ``kernel''.
The kernel name might be the same as the operating system name printed
@@ -15404,5 +15404,5 @@
Environment variable names can be empty, and can contain any
-characters other than @samp{=} and @acronym{ASCII} @sc{nul}.
+characters other than @samp{=} and ASCII @sc{nul}.
However, it is wise to limit yourself to names that
-consist solely of underscores, digits, and @acronym{ASCII} letters,
+consist solely of underscores, digits, and ASCII letters,
and that begin with a non-digit, as applications like the shell do not
@@ -15563,6 +15563,6 @@
scheduler, which the scheduler is free to ignore. Also, as a point of
-terminology, @acronym{POSIX} defines the behavior of @command{nice} in
+terminology, POSIX defines the behavior of @command{nice} in
terms of a @dfn{nice value}, which is the nonnegative difference
between a niceness and the minimum niceness. Though @command{nice}
-conforms to @acronym{POSIX}, its documentation and diagnostics use the
+conforms to POSIX, its documentation and diagnostics use the
term ``niceness'' for compatibility with historical practice.
@@ -15672,4 +15672,4 @@
@file{/dev/null} so that terminal sessions do not mistakenly consider
-the terminal to be used by the command. This is a @acronym{GNU}
-extension; programs intended to be portable to non-@acronym{GNU} hosts
+the terminal to be used by the command. This is a GNU
+extension; programs intended to be portable to non-GNU hosts
should use @samp{nohup @var{command} [@var{arg}]@dots{} </dev/null}
@@ -15944,3 +15944,3 @@
should be preceded by @option{--}. However, as a common extension to
-@acronym{POSIX}, @option{--} is not required with @samp{kill
+POSIX, @option{--} is not required with @samp{kill
-@var{signal} -@var{pid}}. The following commands are equivalent:
@@ -16353,3 +16353,3 @@
lines of text. Unix data files are generally just streams of bytes, with
-lines delimited by the @acronym{ASCII} @sc{lf} (Line Feed) character,
+lines delimited by the ASCII @sc{lf} (Line Feed) character,
conventionally called a ``newline'' in the Unix literature. (This is
@@ -16621,3 +16621,3 @@
the blank. The @samp{\n} represents the newline character; it has to
-be left alone. (The @acronym{ASCII} tab character should also be included for
+be left alone. (The ASCII tab character should also be included for
good measure in a production script.)
Diff finished at Fri Jan 4 09:26:49
GNU bug tracking system
Copyright (C) 1999 Darren O. Benham,
1997,2003 nCipher Corporation Ltd,
1994-97 Ian Jackson.