‘C-u C-x =’ says that instead of Terminus ‘x:-misc-fixed-medium-r-normal--20-200-75-75-c-100-iso10646-1’ font is used for rendering quotes.  When I request 24th size, I got yet another font — ‘x:-efont-fixed-medium-r-normal--24-240-75-75-c-240-iso10646-1’.

In a strange way there is no such a problem with some other sizes:

   $ emacs --quick --font '-*-terminus-medium-r-*-*-16-*-*-*-*-*-*-*'

is okay, for example.  ‘C-u C-x =’ says that ‘xft:-xos4-Terminus-normal-normal-normal-*-16-*-*-*-c-80-iso10646-1’ is used in that case.

The reason is *not* that Terminus just does not have these glyphs — it does.  Moreover — GNU Emacs 24.4.1 finds and renders them correctly:

   $ emacs24 --quick --font '-*-terminus-medium-r-*-*-20-*-*-*-*-*-*-*'