--debug-init startup option is set (and debug-on-error is not additionally and

explicitly set to a non-nil value).

This can be reproduced, for example, by adding the following to init.el:

(condition-case-unless-debug nil

    (error "error")

  (error

   (message "error caught")))

and restarting Emacs with --debug-init. In Emacs 29 this enters the debugger

(as expected), while in Emacs 30 the message "error caught" is displayed.

On a related note, the Emacs Lisp reference manual still says the following: "[...]

use the option ‘--debug-init’. This binds debug-on-error to t while loading the

init file, [...]".

(https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/elisp/Error-Debugging.html#Error-Debugging)

AFAICT this is no longer correct since the implementation uses handler-bind instead.

(Originally reported in https://github.com/syl20bnr/spacemacs/issues/16871

and https://github.com/syl20bnr/spacemacs/issues/16619#issuecomment-2708510954.)

Best,

Ferdinand