> From: Ship Mints <shipmints@gmail.com>
> Date: Fri, 7 Feb 2025 07:31:33 -0500
> Cc: acohen@ust.hk, 63620@debbugs.gnu.org, monnier@iro.umontreal.ca,
>       michael.albinus@gmx.de
>
>
> Forgive me for asking something you might think is obvious. Are all the platform initializations done even in
> batch?

No.  But what part of that you think could be relevant to the issue at hand?

> So all display/system code works just with no initial frame?

Actually, there is a frame in that case, but it is not a GUI frame.