Hi, I have found a performance issue with the sort command when used on pseudo files with zero size. For instance, sorting `/proc/kallsyms`, as demonstrated below, takes significantly longer than executing with `cat`, generating numerous temporary files. I confirmed this issue on v8.32 as well as on commit 8f3989d in the master branch. $ time cat /proc/kallsyms | sort > /dev/null real 0m0.954s user 0m0.873s sys 0m0.096s $ time sort /proc/kallsyms > /dev/null real 0m8.555s user 0m3.367s sys 0m5.064s $ strace -e trace=openat sort /proc/kallsyms 2>&1 > /dev/null \ | grep /tmp/sort | head -100 ... openat(AT_FDCWD, "/tmp/sortM6Y6Y1", ... openat(AT_FDCWD, "/tmp/sortPrHKMG", ... $ strace -e trace=openat -c sort /proc/kallsyms > /dev/null % time seconds usecs/call calls errors syscall ------ ----------- ----------- --------- --------- ---------------- 100.00 6.419777 19 333258 8 openat ------ ----------- ----------- --------- --------- ---------------- 100.00 6.419777 19 333258 8 total It appears that the buffer size allocated for pseudo files with zero size is insufficient, likely because it is based on their file size, which is zero. As seen in the attached patch, I think using `INPUT_FILE_SIZE_GUESS` to calculate the buffer size when the file size is zero would resolve this issue. Best regards, Takashi Kusumi